Nude photography is any photograph which contains an image of a nude or semi-nude person, or an image suggestive of nudity. The exhibition or publication of nude photographs may be controversial, more so in some cultures or countries than in others, and especially if the subject is a minor. Most nude photographs are made for private use and intended to be viewed only by the subject and their current partner. Most nude photography features female subjects; male subjects are very rarely exhibited.[1]
Educational
Further information: Depictions of nudity § Informational
Nude photographs may be used for scientific and educational purpose, such asethnographic studies, human physiology orsex education. In this context, the emphasis of the photograph is not on the subject, or thebeauty or eroticism of the image, but on the educational or demonstrative purpose for which the image was produced.
The nude image may be used for analysis or to accompany medical or other text books, scientific reports, articles or research papers.[2] They are essentially of an illustrative nature, and so nude photographs of this type are often labeled to show key features in a supporting context.
Commercial
Erotic
Main article: Depictions of nudity § Nude photography
Since the first days of photography, the nude was a source of inspiration for those that adopted the new medium. Most of the early images were closely guarded or surreptitiously circulated as violations of the social norms of the time, since the photograph captures real nudity. Many cultures, while accepting nudity in art, shun actual nudity. For example, even an art gallery which exhibits nude paintings will typically not accept nudity in a visitor.[3] Alfred Cheney Johnston (1885–1971) was a professional American photographer who often photographed Ziegfeld Follies.[4] He also maintained his own highly successful commercial photo studio, producing magazine ads for a wide range of upscale retail commercial products—mostly men's and women's fashions—and also photographed several hundred artists and showgirls, including nude photographs of some. Most of his nude images (some named, mostly anonymous) were, in fact, showgirls from the Ziegfeld Follies, but such daring, unretouched full-frontal images would certainly not have been openly publishable in the 1920s–1930s, so it is speculated that these were either simply his own personal artistic work, and/or done at the behest of Flo Ziegfeld for the showman's personal enjoyment.
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Glamour
Main article: Glamour photography
Glamour photographs emphasize the subject, usually female, in a romantic and most attractive, sexually alluring manner. The subject may be fully clothed or semi-nude, but glamour photography stops short of intentionally sexually arousing the viewer and being pornographic. Before about the 1960s, glamour photography was commonly referred to as erotic photography.
Advertising
Main article: Sex in advertising
Nudity and sexually suggestive imagery is common in modern-day culture and widely used in advertising to help sell products. A feature of this form of advertising is that the imagery used typically has no connection to the product being advertised. The purpose of the such imagery is to attract the attention of a potential customer or user. The imagery used may include nudity, actual or suggestive, and glamour photography.
Entertainment
Further information: Pornographic magazine and Fetish magazine
Nude or semi-nude imagery is also widely used in entertainment, sometimes referred to as adult entertainment. This may be in the form of postcards, pin ups, and other formats.
Covers of mainstream magazines sometimes include images of nude or semi-nude subjects. In the early 1990s, Demi Mooreposed for two covers of Vanity Fair: Demi's Birthday Suit and More Demi Moore. Some magazines, such as men's magazines, commonly feature nude or semi-nude images, and some magazines have created a reputation for their nude centrefolds.
Music album covers
Main article: List of controversial album art
Music album covers often incorporate photography, at times including nude or semi-nude images. Albums covers that have incorporated nudity have included those of performers such as Jimi Hendrix (Electric Ladyland, 1968), John Lennon and Yoko Ono(Unfinished Music No. 1: Two Virgins, 1968),Nirvana, Blind Faith (Blind Faith, 1969),Scorpions (Virgin Killer, 1976) and Jane's Addiction (Nothing's Shocking, 1988). The covers for Blind Faith and Virgin Killer were especially controversial because the nude image was that of prepubescent girls, and were re-issued with alternative covers in some countries.
Fine art
Main article: Nude photography (art)
The emphasis of fine arts is aesthetics andcreativity; and any erotic interest, although often present, is secondary.[5] This distinguishes nude photography from both glamour photography and pornographic photography. The distinction between these is not always clear, and photographers tends to use their own judgment in characterizing their own work,[6][7][8] though viewers also have their judgement. The nude remains a controversial subject in all media, but more so with photography due to its inherent realism.[9] The male nude has been less common than the female, and more rarely exhibited.[1]
History
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19th century
Early fine-art photographers in Western cultures, seeking to establish photography as a fine art medium, frequently chose women as the subjects for their nudes, in poses that accorded with traditional practice in other media. Before nude photography, art nudes usually used allusions to classical antiquity; gods and warriors, goddesses and nymphs. Poses, lighting, soft focus, vignetting and hand retouching were employed to create photographic images that were comparable to the other arts at that time.[9] Although 19th century artists in other media often used photographs as substitutes for live models, the best of these photographs were also intended as works of art in their own right.[9]
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Modern
After World War I, avant-garde photographers such as Brassaï, Man Ray, Hans Bellmer,André Kertész and Bill Brandt became more experimental in their portrayal of nudity, using reflective distortions and printing techniques to create abstractions or depicting real life rather than classical allusions. Alfred Stieglitz's photos of Georgia O'Keeffe are examples of some of the earliest nudes presented in an intimate and personal style rather than with dispassionate idealization.Edward Weston,[10] Imogen Cunningham,[11]Ruth Bernhard, Harry Callahan, Emmet Gowinand Edward Steichen continued this trend. Weston evolved a particularly American aesthetic, using a large format camera to capture images of nature and landscapes as well as nudes, establishing photography as a fine arts medium. In 1937 Weston became the first photographer to be awarded a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship.[12]For a famous example of Weston's work see:Charis Wilson. Many fine art photographers have a variety of subjects in their work, the nude being one. Diane Arbus was attracted to unusual people in unusual settings, including a nudist camp. Lee Friedlander had more conventional subjects, one being Madonna as a young model.[13]
Contemporary
The distinction between fine art and glamour is often one of marketing, with fine art being sold through galleries or dealers in limited editions signed by the artist, and glamour photos being distributed through mass media. For some, the difference is in the gaze of the model, with glamour models looking into the camera, while art models do not.[14]Glamour and fashion photographers have aspired to fine art status in some of their work. One of the such photographer wasIrving Penn, who progressed from Vogue magazine to photographing fashion models such as Kate Moss nude. Richard Avedon,Helmut Newton and Annie Leibovitz[15] have followed a similar path with portraits of the famous, many of them nude.[16] or partially clothed.[17] In the post-modern era, where fame is often the subject of fine art,[18]Avedon's photo of Nastassja Kinski with a python, and Leibovitz's magazine covers ofDemi Moore pregnant and in body paint, have become iconic. The work of Joyce Tennesonhas gone the other way, from fine art with a unique, soft-focus style showing woman at all stages of life to portraiture of famous people and fashion photography.
Although nude photographers have largely worked within established forms that show bodies as sculptural abstractions, some, such as Robert Mapplethorpe, have created works that deliberately blur the boundaries betweenerotica and art.
Several photographers have become controversial because of their nude photographs of underage subjects.[19] David Hamilton often used erotic themes,[20][21]Sally Mann was raised in rural Virginia, in a locale where skinny-dipping in a river was common, so many of her most famous photographs are of her own children swimming in the nude.[22] Less well-known photographers have been charged as criminals for photos of their own children.[23]
Body image has become a topic explored by many photographers working with models whose bodies do not conform to conventional prejudices about beauty.[24]
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