India and the United Nations
India was among the original members of theUnited Nations that signed the Declaration by United Nations at Washington on 1 January 1942 and also participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions to implementing the goals of the Charter, and the evolution of the UN's specialized programmes and agencies.[2] India is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of its specialised agenciesand organisations. India has contributed troops to United Nations peacekeepingefforts in Korea,[3][4] Egypt and the Congo in its earlier years and in Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and more recently in the South Sudan conflict.[5] India has been a member of the UN Security Council for seven terms (a total of 14 years), with the most recent being the 2011–12 term. India is a member of G4, group of nations who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the Security Council and advocate in favor of the reformation of the UNSC. India is also part of the G-77.
History
India was one of the original members of theLeague of Nations.
In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members. However, although today all UN members are fully sovereign states, four of the original members (Belarus,India, the Philippines, and Ukraine) were not independent at the time of their admission.[6]India signed the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 and was represented by Girija Shankar Bajpai who was the Indian Agent-General at the time. Afterwards the Indian delegation led by SirArcot Ramasamy Mudaliar signed the United Nations Charter on behalf of India during the historic United Nations Conference on International Organization held in San Francisco, United States on 26 June 1945.[7]Sir A. Ramaswamy Mudaliar later went on to serve as the first president of the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Technically, India was a founding member in October 1945, despite it being a British colony. India, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia were all British colonies but were given independent seats in the United Nations General Assembly. India gained full independence in 1947.
Independent India viewed its membership at the United Nations as an important guarantee for maintaining international peace and security. India stood at the forefront during the UN's tumultuous years of struggle againstcolonialism and apartheid. India's status as a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 cemented its position within the UN system as a leading advocate of the concerns and aspirations of developing countries and the creation of a more equitable international economic and political order. In 1945, when the UN charter was signed, more than 750 million people lived in colonies including India. India was among the most outspoken critics ofapartheid and racial discrimination in South Africa, being the first country to have raised the issue in the UN (in 1946).[8]
Activities
UN General Assembly
India was a founding member of the United Nations, joining in October 1945, two years before acquiring independence from theBritish Raj.[9] By 1946, India had started raising concerns regarding colonialism,apartheid and racial discrimination. From early 1947–48, India took an active part inDrafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Dr (Mrs). Hansa Mehta, a Gandhian political activist and social worker who led the Indian delegation, had made important contributions in drafting of the Declaration, especially highlighting the need for reflecting gender equality by changing the language of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from 'all men are created equal' (Eleanor Roosevelt's preferred phrase) to 'all human beings'.[10][11]
In 1953, the chief delegate of India at the time, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was elected the first woman President of the UN General Assembly. India supported the struggle towards global disarmament and the ending of the arms race, and towards the creation of a more equitable international economic order. India had a mediatory role in resolving the stalemate over prisoners of war in Korea contributing to the signing of the armisticeending the Korean War in 1953.[12] India chaired the five-member Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission while the Indian Custodian Force supervised the process of interviews and repatriation that followed. India then went on to chair the three international commissions for supervision and control for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos established by the 1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina. India also had an active role to play in the Suez Crisis in 1956 with the role ofNehru, both as Indian Prime minister and a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement being significant. Indian historian Inder Malhotra wrote that "Now Nehru—who had tried to be even-handed between the two sides—denounced Eden and co-sponsors of the aggression vigorous. He had a powerful, if relatively silent, ally in the US presidentDwight D. Eisenhower who went to the extent of using America's clout in the IMF to make Eden and Mollet behave".[13]
Charter provisions on Non-Self-Governing Territories were given a new thrust when the UN adopted the landmark 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples which was co-sponsored by India. The following year, theSpecial Committee on the Implementation of the Declaration on Decolonization was established to study, investigate and recommend action to bring an end to colonialism, it was chaired by India for the first time. India played a leading role in the formation of a Sub-Committee against Apartheid set up by the General Assembly. When the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted in 1965, India was among the earliest signatories, however it does not recognize competence under article 14 and it does not consider itself bound by article 22.
India also played a prominent role in articulating the economic concerns of developing countries in such UN-sponsored conferences as the triennial UN Conference on Trade and Development and the 1992Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.[14] It has been an active member of the Group of 77, and later the core group of the G-15 nations. Other issues, such as environmentally sustainable development and the promotion and protection of human rights, have also been an important focus of India's foreign policy in international forums.
UN Security Council
Countries which host an Indian diplomatic mission.
Activities during 1947-1962
Despite its anti-status quo stand on many global issues, India's attitude toward the basic structure of the U.N was fundamentally conservative.[15] It accepted the organization and distribution of power in the U.N, as both a guarantee of Indian sovereignty and as a check on the numerical superiority of the U.S and its western coalition. India supported the charter provisions for a Security Council veto for the great powers, opposed the U.S initiative to circumvent the veto through theUniting for Peace Resolution, dismissedHammarskjöld's notion of a "U.N presence" as interventionist and opposed all efforts to conduct U.N directed plebiscites as tests of opinion.[16]
India's procedural conservatism was based both on its commitment to national sovereignty and its desire to protect Indian interests. Its experience with the U.N had not always been positive. In the early years after independence, a whole range of issues, which had their origins in the partition of the Indian subcontinent between India and Pakistan, came before the U.N. These issues included the disputed princely states of Junagadh,Hyderabad and Kashmir, which were ultimately incorporated into the Indian Union through the use of military force.[17][18]
The most persistent of these disputes was the Kashmir conflict. Nehru's faith in the UN and adherence to its principles proved costly on some occasions due to the power play inherent in the organization. This was seen by his decision to refer Pakistan's intervention ('invasion') in disputed Kashmir to the UN Security Council in January 1948.[19] The United Kingdom, which was hoping to avoid being seen as unfriendly to a Muslim state after the creation of Israel, used pressure tactics on its allies France, Canada and the US to support the Pakistani viewpoint that Kashmir's accession to India was disputable and had to be put to the test of aplebiscite.[20] Nehru's hope that the UN would unconditionally instruct Pakistan to vacate the one-third portion of Kashmir that the Pakistani tribesmen and army had occupied fell flat in the face of geopolitical maneuverings and cross-issue linkage. To this day, Indian strategic commentators and critics of Nehru bemoan his cardinal mistake of taking the Kashmir dispute to a UN that was packed with pro-Pakistani partisan powers.[21] According to columnist Brahma Chellaney, 'Nehru did not appreciate that the UN was an institution of power politics, not an impartial police force'.[22] As if a double reminder were needed that India was small fry in a UN dominated by crafty Great Powers divided into two ideological camps, New Delhi was disappointed to find that Security Council members the US, United Kingdom and France tried to prevent it from forcibly absorbing thePortuguese colony of Goa in 1961.[23] But for the Soviet veto in favor of India, Goa could have become enmeshed in another Kashmir-like stalemate for decades, buffeted by the changing winds of Great Power alignments and preferences that were paralyzing and hijacking the UN.[19][24]
Washington Post reported that "India was offered a permanent seat on the council 55 years ago, in 1955. But that offer, made by the United States and the Soviet Union, was declined by India's first prime minister,Jawaharlal Nehru. Nehru said the seat should be given to China instead.[25] The required council seat was then held by the Republic of China (present-day Taiwan). Prime Minister Nehru categorically denied receiving any such offer, formal or informal in parliament itself on 27 September 1955 while replying an answer to Dr. J.N. Parekh.[26] Even if India were to accept such offers assuming they were made, it would have required the United Nations charter to be amended to include India in place of the Republic of China in the Security Council or to expand the Council. It is not known whether the Taiwanese government representing China's seat at the time in the Security Council would have vetoed the amendment or accepted the amendment under US pressure as Taiwan was solely dependent on the US for its protection from mainland China.
Overall the period from 1947-1962 was marked by India's active interest in all UN activities under the leadership of V. K. Krishna Menon who was the Indian Ambassador to the United Nations from 1952-1962. Indian leadership and peacekeeping roles in the UN brought it considerable recognition and global standing.[27][28]
The Low Profile Phase from 1962-1976
India's defeat in the Sino-Indian War came as a grave shock in comparison to its global aspirations and recognition. Large scale hostilities and military reverses dealt a shattering blow to its self-confidence and pride. India was obliged to turn towards the west for military and political support. Following the conflict with China, India became involved in two wars with Pakistanand entered a period of political instability,economic stagnation, food shortages and near-famine conditions. India's role diminished in the UN which came both as a result of its image and a deliberate decision by the post-Nehru political leadership to adopt a low profile at the UN and speak only on vital Indian interests.[29] This change in policy was implemented during the 1965 debate on Kashmir in the Security Council when Indian Foreign Minister Swaran Singhdramatically stormed out of the session in response to the intemperate language ofZulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan's Foreign Minister.[30] In his book "India's Changing Role in the United Nations" Stanley Kochanek shows how 'bilateralism became the guiding principle of Indian foreign policy', relegating the UN to just an 'arena for maintaining such contacts'.[31] Further the Soviet Union's backing became far more important than a slow and indecisive UN Security Council when India obtained its greatest strategic victory by breaking up Pakistan into two and carving out independent Bangladesh in 1971.
In 1974, India tested its first nuclear device, the aftermath of which resulted in a nuclear embargo by US and Canada. Soon after the UN's non-proliferation agenda became another irritant that forced New Delhi to view some units of the organization with distaste as fronts for imposing discriminatory regimes instead of promoting universal disarmament.[19] From the very beginning it has refused to lend its support to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty with India's then External Affairs Minister and later President,Pranab Mukherjee in a visit to Tokyo in 2007 commenting that: "If India did not sign the NPT, it is not because of its lack of commitment for non-proliferation, but because we consider NPT as a flawed treaty and it did not recognize the need for universal, non-discriminatory verification and treatment."[32] In short, the 1960s as a whole saw major changes in the global system but a general decline in UN activities.
Seeking of Permanent Seat inUNSC
India has been elected seven times to the UN Security Council, tied with Colombia andPakistan. Only three countries have served longer: Japan, Brazil, and Argentina.
India has been seeking a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council as a member of the G4, an organisation composed of Brazil, Germany, Japan, and India, all who are currently seeking permanent representation. The United Kingdom and France support India and the other G4 countries gaining permanent seats.[33]
According to the G4 proposal, the UN Security Council should be expanded beyond the current fifteen members to include twenty-five members. If this actually happens, it would be the first time permanent Security Council status is extended to a South Asiannation and supporters of the G4 plan suggest that this will lead to greater representation of developing nations rather than the current major powers.
India makes a number of claims to justify its demand. India has the world's second largest population and is the world's largest liberal democracy. It is also the world's ninth largest economy and third largest in terms ofpurchasing power parity as of 2014. India is the third largest contributor of troops toUnited Nations peacekeeping missions with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions as of 2014 after Bangladesh and Pakistan,[34][35] all three nations being in South Asia. India has contributed nearly 160,000 troops, the largest number from any country, participated in more than 43 missions and 156 Indian peacekeepers have made the supreme sacrifice while serving in UN missions. India has also provided and continues to provide eminent Force Commanders for UN Missions.[34]
Although the U.S. and other permanent Council members were not very supportive of expanding the Security Council, in his visit to India, US President Barack Obama has offered his support for India to become a permanent member of the Council. However, the reaction from other Council members are not very clear, particularly from China. Thus it is uncertain whether the demands by G4 nations will be implemented anytime soon.
Initiatives
Peacekeeping Missions
Main article: Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions
So far India has taken part in 43 Peacekeeping missions with a total contribution exceeding 160,000 troops and a significant number of police personnel having been deployed. In 2014 India is the third largest troop contributor (TCC) with 7,860 personnel deployed with ten UN Peacekeeping Missions of which 995 are police personnel, including the first female formed Police Unit under the UN.[34] The Indian Army has undertaken numerous UN peacekeeping missions.[36] As of 30 June 2014, 157 Indians have been killed during such operations.[37] The Indian army has also provided paramedical units to facilitate the withdrawal of the sick and wounded.
International Yoga Day
On 11 December 2014, the United Nations General Assembly adopted without a vote a resolution commemorating 21 June as theInternational Yoga Day,[38] recognizing the holistic benefits of this timeless practice and its inherent compatibility with the principles and values of the United Nations.[39]
Financial contribution
India is one of the main contributors to the UN regular budget. Indian contribution toUnited Nations Democracy Fund was USD 16 million for 2009.[40]
Representation
Main article: Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations
India has a permanent mission to the UN, which is led by the Permanent Representative(UN Ambassador), currently Asoke Kumar Mukerji, since 16 April 2013.[41]
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