White Dwarf Eats Mini Planet?
Astronomers have detected debris around a white dwarf that might be from one or more disintegrating rocky bodies.
When an Earth-size planet passes in front of a star, it creates a symmetric dip in the star's light that's shaped like the red curve here. But astronomers detected the strange-looking, blue dip in light from the white dwarf 1145+017. The team suspects the signal comes from a tiny disintegrating planet or asteroid and its comet-like dusty tail. The black dots are measurements recorded by the Kepler spacecraft during its K2 mission.
CfA / A. Vanderburg
CfA / A. Vanderburg
Most stars — including the Sun — will one day use up their nuclear fuel and turn into glowing cinders called white dwarfs. The planets around these stars will suffer various fates, but generally not good ones: they might be eaten as the star swells into a fat, fluffy red giant; smashed into other planets by the star’s changing gravitational influence as it puffs up and spews out winds; or roasted like a marshmallow come too close to the flame. Among other options.
White dwarfs generally have hydrogen and helium atmospheres, with the heavier elements (such as carbon and silicon) sunk far below. But roughly a third of the white dwarfs astronomers have observed have atmospheres mysteriously tainted by these elements. Plus, they’ve seen a few dwarfs circled by debris disks. So they’ve suspected for some time that these white dwarfs are covered in the crumbs of their munched planets.
Andrew Vanderburg (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) and colleagues have now detected at least one potential disintegrating planetesimal around the white dwarf WD 1145+017. The object revealed itself when it passed repeatedly between us and the white dwarf, creating a weird transit pattern in the white dwarf’s light. When first observed with the Kepler spacecraft in 2014, the star's light only dipped a wee bit but for about an hour. When observed nearly a year later with multiple ground-based telescopes, the star's brightness dropped by an incredible 40% for 5 minutes. Neither of these results makes sense for a run-of-the-mill planet and dwarf: white dwarfs are about the size of Earth, and a body passing in front of them should take a mere minute to transit. The transits also weren't symmetric.
As the team reports in the October 22nd Nature, the object — or maybe even six or more objects, all about the size of the asteroid Ceres or smaller — orbits the white dwarf closely in about 4½ hours and seems to be trailing a comet-like tail. Spectroscopic measurements reveal heavy elements in the white dwarf’s atmosphere, too, like those found in the solar system’s rocky planets. The star also has a dusty debris disk.
If indeed the funny-looking signals come from a disintegrating rocky planet, WD 1145+017 adds to growing evidence that the “pollution” in these white dwarfs’ atmospheres comes from torn-up worlds. These planets might be destroyed and eroded by the aging star’s heat and winds.
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