Germany–India relations
Bilateral relations between the Republic of India and Germany have been traditionally strong due to commercial, cultural and technological co-operation.
History
A Sikh soldier (of the 4th Division (the Red Eagles) of the Indian Army, attached to the British Fifth Army in Italy) holding a captured swastika flag after the surrender of Nazi German forces in Italy. Behind him,fascist inscriptions on the mural says VIVA IL DUCE, "Long live the Duke" (Benito Mussolini). Photo circa May 1945
India and Germany had indirect contact during ancient times, resulting more visibly inNazi Germany's use of the swastika in its flag.[1]
During World War I, India was under British rule. Consequently, the British Indian Armywas ordered to contribute soldiers to the Allied war effort, including on the Western Front. Over 9000 soldiers died in World War I. Pro-independence activists within the colonial armies sought German assistance for the cause of India's freedom resulting in theHindu German conspiracy during World War I.
During World War II, the Allied war effort mobilized 2.5 million volunteer troops from British India. Subhas Chandra Bose, a prominent freedom fighter for Indian independence, made a determined effort to obtain India's independence from Britain by seeking military assistance from the Axis powers. The Indische Legion was formed to serve as a liberation force for British-ruled India and was principally made up of British Indian prisoners of war and expatriates in Europe.
A Sikh soldier of the Indische Legiondeployed to the Atlantic Wall nearBordeaux, France. (Photo taken on 21 March 1944 by Propagandakompanien der Wehrmacht)
The newly formed Republic of India was one of the first nations to end the State of War with Germany after World War II and did not claim war reparations from Germany although 24,000 soldiers serving in the British Indian Army died in the campaign to fight Nazi Germany.[2]
India maintained diplomatic relations with both West Germany and East Germany and supported their reunification in 1990.[3][4]
Germany condemned India for liberating Goa from Portuguese rule in 1961 and supported Portugal's dictatorial regime under Salazar against India. Germany was critical of India for intervening in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Germany rejected India's1998 nuclear tests[3] with Chancellor Helmut Kohl saying: "this was the wrong decision for them to take; we do not accept that decision."[5]
Bilateral relations
Official visits by German Presidents & Chancellors
In 2008, German Chancellor Angela Merkel made an official visit to India that led to the signing of several agreements expanding bilateral co-operation in commerce, science, technology and defence.[6]
In 2013, German Chancellor Angela Merkel led a German delegation which included German Federal Ministers of Transport, Building & Urban Development, Interior, Defence, Education & Research, Parliamentary State Secretary for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear safety; to the Second India-Germany Intergovernmental Consultations in New Delhi.
On 4 October 2015, German ChancellorAngela Merkel travelled to India for the Third Indo-German Inter-Governmental Consultations [7][8][9][10][11][12] accompanied by several members of her government (Minister for Foreign Affairs Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Science & Technology Minister Johanna Wanka, Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development Gerd Muller, Food and Agriculture Minister Christian Schmidt) and a contingent of business leaders. Merkel and her German delegation travelled on a German military cargo plane (a Luftwaffe Airbus A310military transport aircraft called Kurt Schumacher) because the official government aircraft of the German Chancellor (Konrad Adenauer, a Luftwaffe Airbus A340-313 VIP) became unflightworthy after developing technical problems.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]The visit, announced by the German embassy in India as a turning point in Indo-German relations,[22] suffered from poor timing and occurred in the context of negative public perception of Germany, brand "Made in Germany" and German corporate ethics - all of whom became tarnished by the rapid succession of highly visible public diplomacydisasters: revival of anti-German sentiments in southern and eastern Europe, deliberate air-crash of Germanwings Flight 9525 and theVolkswagen diesel emissions scandal.
On 5 October 2015, Angela Merkel visitedMahatma Gandhi's memorial at Raj Ghat and was accorded a ceremonial welcome at thePresidential Palace prior to the Third Indo-German Inter-Governmental Consultations[23][24][25][26][27] which led to the signing of 18 Memorandums of Understanding (MoU).[28]Germany returned a 10th-century relic, a statue of the Hindu goddess Durga in herMahishasuramardini avatar, which had been stolen from India.[29][30][31][32]
On 6 October 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi held trade discussions on Indo-German science, technology & education cooperation with Angela Merkel in Bengaluru, India's aerospace and ICT hub, besides exploring opportunities to improve bilateral trade.[33][34][35][36] Merkel and Modi toured the vocational training facilities and innovation centre[37][38] of Robert Bosch - an OEM automotive parts supplier whose software is at the centre of the Volkswagen diesel emissions test violationsscandal.[39][40][41][42][43][44] Angela Merkel's 3-day official visit to India concluded after the two leaders attended a business & technology forum hosted by NASSCOM and Fraunhofer Institute [45][46] where Merkel said: "India needs jobs, Germany needs people and collaboration is crucial to meet the demographic needs of both countries,"[47][48]and opined that the advantages for German companies in India are its huge market, a great growth potential and an impressive capacity for innovation.[49]
Foremost newspapers in both Germany and India focussed primarily on the trade and investment aspects of the visit.[50][51][52][53][54][55] Germany's State broadcaster Deutsche Welle eloquently captured the prevailing mood regarding the visit with its editorial titled:"A first step in the right direction – no more, no less".[56] Indian Express in an editorial titled "She came and went" pondered over the modest nature of agreements announced during the visit and placed the onus on India to raise its attractiveness as a partner through concrete socio-economic progress and improvements in bilateral relations in India's immediate neighbourhood.[57] The Hindu termed the visit as a dosis realitaet reality-check for Merkel and Modi.[58]
Strategic ties
See also: India–European Union relations
The India-Germany strategic relationship is limited by the insignificance of German geopolitical influence in Asian affairs. Contrary to France and UK, Germany has no strategic footprint in Asia.
Over the past decade, Indo-German trade grew in volume but dropped in importance.[59]According to Indian Ministry of Commerce MX data: Total trade between India and Germany was $5.5billion (3.8% share of Indian trade and ranked 6) in 2004 and $21.6billion (2.6% share of Indian trade and ranked 9) in 2013. Indian exports to Germany were $2.54billion (3.99% ranked 6) in 2004 and $7.3billion (2.41% ranked 10) in 2013. Indian imports from Germany were $2.92billion (3.73% ranked 6) in 2004 and $14.33billion (2.92% ranked 10) in 2013.[60]
Anti-Indian public sentiment in Germany is an obstacle to the improvement of strategic ties between Germany and India.[61]
Global Geopolitical Reordering
India and Germany both seek to become permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and have joined with Japan and Brazil to coordinate their efforts via theG4 collective.[62] At the UN General Assembly summit in New York in September 2015, the P5 members of the UNSC dismissed any notion of dilution of their power at the UN's high-table and severely undermined efforts byG4 nations to gain access to the exclusive club. While India maintains that it will continue to demand a permanent seat with veto powers within a reformed UNSC with privileges identical to the P5 nations, it has signalled that strengthening of bilateral economic and political ties with neighbouring countries is the immediate priority.[63][64]Prevailing consensus within the United Nations that Europe is already over-represented within the UN Security Council, juxtaposed with long-established opposition from within Europe to the German candidature, constitute indomitable obstacles which confront Germany.[65][66][67][68][69]
A reality-check of geopolitical power of G4 nations at the 2015 UN General Assembly and Asian geopolitical compulsions have influenced India's choice to refocus on strategic bilateral engagements with France and UK who are UNSC P5 member States. German influence on the global stage is subject to accommodation by France and UK who are key global security actors. Restrictions imposed through the 1990 Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany effectively subordinates Germany to the Four Powers (USA, UK, France & Russia). The inevitability of a security reordering in Eurasia,[70] impending transformation of the political landscape within the European Union due to the unchecked rise of Euroscepticism, fast deteriorating security situation on the Eastern and Southern periphery of the European Union, assertive manoeuvring by Russia & China in their traditional areas of influence,[71] eventuality of alliances to counterbalance and prevent German dominance of Western Europe, and the improbability of Germany acceding to the UNSC have already been factored in by Indian strategic planners.[72][73][74][75][76]
Interviewed by The Hindu in the context of the 25th anniversary of German reunification,Mathias Rust the iconic German aviator who contributed to the downfall of the Soviet Union by landing a small aircraft near the Red Square in Moscow on 28 May 1987, surmised that institutional failures in Western countries to preserve moral standards and uphold the primacy of democratic ideals was creating mistrust between peoples and governments. Pointing to the genesis of a New Cold Warbetween Russia and the Western powers, Mathias Rust suggested that India should tread with caution and avoid entanglement: “India will be better served if it follows a policy of neutrality while interacting with EU member countries as the big European powers at present are following the foreign policy of the U.S. unquestioningly,”. Mathias Rust drew attention to the casus belli which is fuelling Euroscepticism: “Governments have been dominated by the corporate entities and citizens have ceased to matter in public policy,”.[77][78]
Defence & Security
A German delegation led by Defence Minister Ursula von der Leyen interacting with senior officers of the Indian Navy's Western Naval Command in Mumbai; 28 May 2015.
India and Germany maintain an ongoing dialogue in the areas of commercial maritime security and cooperate in the field of anti-terrorism. The Indian Navy and the German Navy conducted joint-exercises in 2008 for the first time, following an anti-piracy co-operation agreement between the two nations signed in 2006.[citation needed]
Germany's military is principally structured to defend Eastern Europe and to supporting NATO operations in the Western European theatre of operations.[79] Unlike UK and France, Germany not only does not have any sovereign territories in the Indo-Pacific region but is also incapable of power projection.[80][81] Manpower limitations and armament restrictions imposed upon Germany through the 1990 Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany[82]prevent it from developing expeditionary forces and blue-water assets.
Hostile public sentiment in Germany towards overseas combat operations[83] and the inability of Germany to independently sustain high-intensity long-range military deployments are obstacles to a meaningful strategic defence and security relationship.
Cultural & Education cooperation
Germany has supported education and cultural programmes in India. Germany helped establish the Indian Institute of Technology Madras after both governments signed an agreement in 1956 and increased its co-operation and supply of technology and resources over the decades to help expand the institution.[84][85]
In the late 1960s, German aircraft designerKurt Tank, who worked for Focke-Wulf during World War II, went to work in India. First was first employed as the Director of the Madras Institute of Technology, and later joinedHindustan Aeronautics, where he designed the Hindustan Marut fighter-bomber, the first military aircraft constructed in India. Kurt Tank left Hindustan Aeronautics in 1967 and by the 1970s had returned to live in Berlin.
Both nations established the Indo-German Science and Technology Centre in New Delhito promote joint research and development in energy, environment, coal and water technologies.[6][85]
India and Germany have signed a MoU regarding the teaching of German-language inKendriya Vidyalaya public schools in India and the reciprocal introduction of Sanskrit and modern Indian language in government schools in Germany.
Trade & Investment
Main articles: Economy of Germany and Economy of India
See also: Make in India and Made in Germany
Further information: Mittelstand, Khadi and Village Industries Commission and Export-oriented industrialization
Stiff competition between foreign manufactured goods within the Indian market has seen machine-tools, automotive parts and medical supplies from GermanMittelstand ceding ground to high-technology imports manufactured by companies located in ASEAN & BRICS countries.[86][87][88][89]
For the 2012-2013 (April–July) period, India's top 10 trading partners according to data published by the Indian Ministry of Commerce:[60][90]
According to German Statistisches Bundesamt Indo-German trade data for 2014 : total trade with India was €15.98billion (ranked 25) with €1.86billion trade balance in Germany's favour. German exports to India was €8.92billion (ranked 25), German imports from India was €7.06billion (ranked 27).[91]
Germany is India's largest trading partner in Europe. Germany is the 8th largest foreign direct investor (FDI) in India. Germany's FDI totaled about 5.2 billion USD during the period 2000-2012, constituting about 3% of total FDI to India. Indian investments in Germany have seen sharp increase in last few years.[92] (Note: As a measure of comparison, Remittances to India by theIndian diaspora world-wide was US$70 billion in 2013-14).[93][94]
Indian Prime-Minister Narendra Modi jointly opened the Hannover trade fair Hannover Messe 2015 on 12 April 2015 along with Angela Merkel [95] and held trade & investment discussions with German Chancellor Angela Merkel in Berlin.[96]
In September 2015, Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) was instructed by the Indian government to investigate if vehicles from Volkswagen had circumvented Indian laws and regulations on vehicle emission testing following the Volkswagen pollution control scandal. Ambuj Sharma, additional secretary at the Ministry of Heavy Industry, said: "ARAI has been asked to submit its report within a week."[97][98][99]
German immigration rules force accompanying spouses of overseas Indian workers who do not hold an EU blue card to pass a German language proficiency test as a condition to receiving residency permits and visas. The German language proficiency test requirement does not apply to European Union citizens and those from Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, South Korea and the USA.[100]
Bilateral trade
German imports from India amounted to $7 billion or 2.7% of India's overall exports in 2015. The 10 major commodities exported from India to Germany were:[101]
- Machinery: $627 million
- Knit or crochet clothing: $600.2 million
- Organic chemicals: $563.4 million
- Clothing (not knit or crochet): $524.6 million
- Electronic equipment: $397.4 million
- Iron or steel products: $383.1 million
- Leather, animal gut articles: $366.8 million
- Footwear: $314.9 million
- Vehicles: $280 million
- Other textiles, worn clothing: $248.9 million
German exports to India amounted to $11.8 billion or 3% of India's overall imports in 2015. The 10 major commodities exported from Germany to India were:[102]
- Machinery: $3.5 billion
- Electronic equipment: $1.3 billion
- Medical, technical equipment: $962.4 million
- Vehicles: $879.6 million
- Organic chemicals: $649.5 million
- Plastics: $640.6 million
- Other chemical goods: $327.2 million
- Iron or steel products: $326.9 million
- Iron and steel: $300.2 million
- Pharmaceuticals: $215.7 million
Perceptions
General public
See also: Stereotypes of South Asians
In March 2015, Professor Annette Beck-Sickinger, the head of the biochemistry department at Leipzig University, caused a furore in India by rejecting an internship application from an Indian student as a retaliation against India's 'culture of rape' and alluding to the existence of a wider Europe-wide boycott of Indian male students.[relevant? ][109][110][111][112] The racial profiling, gender discrimination andxenophobic undertones of the incident placed the spotlight on prevalent institutional bias, increasing intolerance to foreigners and level of respect for the human rights of persons of color in Germany.[113][114][115][116] Indians have been deeply critical of the German institutional approach to the 2015 Leipzig University intern-ship affair and the absence of sanctions against professor Annette Beck-Sickinger. The Leipzig University internship controversy, occurred just weeks before the April 2015 official visit to Germany by Indian Prime-Minister Narendra Modi at the invitation of German Chancellor Angela Merkel.
BBC World Service Country Rating Poll data for Germany & India
See also: Anti-Indian sentiment and Anti-German sentiment
According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 32% of Indians view Germany's influence positively, 42% neutral and 26% expressing a negative view, while only 16% of Germans view India's influence positively, 16% neutral and 68% expressing a negative view.[103]
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