Vasant Panchami
Vasant Panchami or Basant Panchami, refers to the following festivals: the religious Hindu festival of Saraswati Puja also called Shree Panchami; Sufi Basant observed in Sufishrines; the seasonal spring festival of Vasant Panchami observed in many regions; the Basant Festival of Kites of the Punjab region; observance in Gurdwaras as a Sikhfestival; the birthday of the Deo-Sun God inBihar and a harvest festival. The festivals are celebrated on the fifth day of Magha.
Etymology
Vasant Panchami has a specific meaning:Vasant means "spring,"and Panchami means "the fifth day." Vasant Panchami falls on the fifth day of spring.
The festival is observed in the northern part of the Subcontinent. Although it is notified in the ritual calendar of South India, it is not celebrated as a household or public event but in temples as a religious festival.The same rings true of the central region of Madhya Pradesh.
Date
Vasant Panchami is celebrated every year on the fifth day of the bright half of the Indian month of Magha .
Religious festival
Hinduism
Kamadeva and Rati
Kama (left) with Rati on a temple wall of Chennakesava Temple, Belur.
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Kamadev temple basantapur GP (2)
In ancient Indian literature, Vasant Panchami is associated with Shringara Rasam and the festival was celebrated in this tradition.[3]Celebrations today still honor Kamadeva, his wife Rati, and his friend Vasant (the personification of Spring).[4]
During the ancient period when Vasant Panchami was more oriented toward Kamadeva, dancing girls, dhol players, and other celebrants would come to the royal Bakshi's palace to create an informal durbarwith the royals. Specially made Vasanti clothes would be worn by the dancing girls and younger royal ladies, consisting of a skirt, blouse, and pink or saffron sari with tiny red square or circular dots. This clothing would be further embellished with gold and silver borders and brocade work. On the celebration day the dancing girls would collect flowers and mango leaves from the garden of the Bakshi's palace. The flowers and mangoes were arranged in brass vessels and the informal durbar would be set up. The occasion was marked by the singing of various ragas usually on the theme of love (especially songs involving Krishna andRadha or the gopies of Brij Bhoomi). At the conclusion of the celebration, the flowers would be sprinkled with red gulal and the dancing girls would apply it to their cheeks. They were then gifted a sum of money by the royal ladies. Today this is not practiced, and the festival is oriented toward Sarasvati, however Kamadeva remains an important figure as feasts are held in his honor during Vasant Panchami,and the theme of love remains an important part of the festival with this being the most popular day of the year for weddings in some areas.[5]
Vasant and Holi
Holi Colors - Howrah 2011-03-191850
Vasant Panchami is the first and more minor of two spring-themed festivals in Hindu culture. Vasant Panchami initiates the spring festive cycle and heralds its summation that occurs with Holi.The 40-day period between Vasant Panchami and Holi corresponds with the 40 days of Rati's penance after her husband, Kamadeva was reduced to ashes for shooting the eye of Shiva with his love arrows. Between Vasant Panchami and Holi, preparations are made for numerous burnings in effigy of the demoness Holika. Starting on Vasant Panchami, a log with a figure of Holika is placed in a public place and during the next 40 days, the faithful add twigs and other combustible material to the log to form a pyre which is lit on Holi.
In places such as Balarama temple in Baithain, the singing of Holi songs and the throwing of color begin on Vasant Panchami and continue throughout the Holi season.
Goddess Saraswati
Idol of Saraswati for puja inKolkata, 2000
Maa Saraswati is the goddess of learning, wisdom, knowledge, fine arts, refinement, science and technology. Vasant Panchami is treated by celebrants as Saraswati's birthday.People worship Goddess Saraswati to attain enlightenment through knowledge and to rid themselves of lethargy, sluggishness and ignorance.
The story of Saraswati Puja is related to the Brahma Vaivarta Purana. Sri Krishna granted Saraswati a boon that she too will be worshipped on Vasant Panchami. After performing morning ablutions and bathing, aKalasha is established. After worshipping Ganesh, the Sun, Vishnu and Shiva, Saraswati is worshipped. Thereafter, coloured powder is thrown into the air.This is the general form of observance of praying to Goddess Saraswati on Vasant Panchami. In places such as Uttar Pradesh, prayers are offered to Goddess Saraswati and people sing religious verses to celebrate the festival. Interestingly, in Tamil Nadu and South India Saraswati is worshipped on the ninth day of navratri in the month of ashwin.
Saraswati Puja
In Nepal and eastern India, a distinct festival in honour of Saraswati is celebrated. The festival is known as Saraswati Puja in eastern parts of India, and as Sri Panchami in parts ofBengal.[4][6] In Bengal and eastern India, the primary focus of the day is to honour Saraswati.[7]
Traditions of Saraswati Puja
Vasant panchami udit1
The day before Vasant Panchami in Nepal, Sarasvati's temples are filled with food so that she can join the celebrants in the traditional feasting the following morning.[5]In temples and educational institutions, statues of Sarasvati are dressed in yellow and worshiped.[5] Most educational institutions arrange special prayers or pujas in the morning to seek blessing of the Goddess. Poetic and musical gatherings are held and children are initiated to learn the alphabet[4]and are often taught to write their first words.[5] This ritual of initiating education to children is known as Akshar-Abhyasam or Vidya-Arambham/Praasana, one of the famous rituals of Vasant Panchami. Older students clean their pens and inkwells but abstain from reading or writing on this day.[5]In Bengal, idols of Saraswati are taken on procession and immersed in the holyGanga.[4]
The color yellow plays an important role in Vasant Panchami as it is related to the bloom of mustard flowers during this period.[8]Celebrants usually wear yellow garments,[4]Saraswati is worshiped in a yellow dress,[5]and sweet saffron rice[4] and yellow sweetsare consumed within the families.[5]
National Festival
Saraswati murti in Barasat School, 2005
Saraswati idol in Hindu School, Kolkata,India
Even though in many parts of India, Vasant is observed as a secular seasonal holiday, the Indian government is encouraging the observance of Saraswati Puja in educational institutions.[9] Directives have been issued in Gujarat and Rajasthan to promote the festival where it is traditionally observed as a seasonal festival.[10][11]
Saraswati Puja is a "great day to inaugurate training institutes and new schools – a trend made famous by the renowned Indian educationist Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya (1861-1946), who founded the Banaras Hindu University on Vasant Panchami day in 1916."[12]
Accordingly, Saraswati Puja has grown in popularity in recent years and is associated with schools generally.[13] The festival is fast becoming or indeed has become a pan North Indian festival.
Overseas Celebrations
The festival is celebrated by the Indian diaspora based at Nottingham, UK, every year under the aegis of the socio-cultural groupJhankar-NICA.[14]
Lord Shiva
Murudeswar Shiva
Vasant Panchami is also associated with Lord Shiva. On this day people pray to Lord Shiva or to the family God. Wearing yellow is not universally observed.[15]
Traditionally, in Maharashtra. Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh, after bathing in the morning, people worship Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. Offerings of mango flowers and the ears of wheat are traditionally made.[16]
Lord Vishnu
People apply sesame paste to their bodies and then bathe. Thereafter, people wear yellow clothes and pray to Lord Vishnu. TheBrahmin should be invited to join in the lunch feast, and perform ancestor worship (Pitr-tarpan). Once this is done coloured powder is applied and thrown into the air.[17]
Sun-Deo God
The shrine of the Sun-God in Aurangabad district, Bihar known as the Deo-Sun Shrine, was established on Basant Panchami. The day is celebrated to commemorate the founding of the shrine by King Aila of Allahabad and the birthday of the Sun-Deo God. The old clothes of the Sun God are replaced, the shrine is washed and people participate by singing.[18]
Sufi Basant
Amir Khusro's tomb (left), Nizamuddin Dargah (right) and Jamaat Khana Masjid (background).
Muslims have been celebrating Basant since the 12th century A.D. According to legend Delhi's Chishti Saint Nizamuddin Aulia's young nephew Taqiuddin Nooh died. Stricken with grief, he withdrew from society. The court poet, Amir Khusrau, tried to think of ways to brighten the Saint's mood. Upon seeing local women carrying flowers on Basant and dressed in yellow, Khusrau too dressed in yellow and took flowers to the Saint. This brought a smile on the Saint's face. Since then, Basant has been celebrated at the dargah of Nizamuddin Aulia in Delhi and all dargah's of the Chishti order.[19]
Sikhism
Six seasons are mentioned in the Guru Granth Sahib which determine the style used to sing verses.[20][21]
For Sikhs, in the Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar, on the day of Vasant Panchmi, musicians start the music by singing Basant Raga. This practice continues up until the first day of Vaisakh when Basant Rag is no longer used.[22] A fair is normally held at the famous Sikh shrine of Guru-ka-Lahore in Bilaspurdistrict to mark the occasion of the marriage of Guru Gobind Singh Ji on Vasant Panchami.
Seasonal festival
The seasonal aspects of the festival are more significant in Northern India due to the sharper contrast between the winter and the spring.[8] People celebrate the day by wearing yellow, eating sweet dishes and display yellow flowers in homes. In Rajasthan, it is customary for people to wear jasmine garlands.[11]
Harvest
In Uttarakhand, in addition to Saraswati Puja, people worship the mother earth and the crops or agriculture. Worship involves people placing cowdung heaps in the fields, and keep ears of barley and wheat on the heaps. Earthen lamps and incense are lit on the heap to signify worship to the mother god and the crops or agriculture. Ears of corn and barley are also tied to doors and windows of buildings. People eat sweet rice and wear yellow.[24] In Gujarat, women perform the dandya dance on Vasant Panchami which is a dance associated with harvesting, reaping and sowing.[25] In Bihar[26] and Bengal, people worship the plough linking the festival to a harvest ritual.[27]
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Basant Festival of Kites
In the Punjab region, Basant is celebrated as a seasonal festival by all faiths and is known as the Basant Festival of Kites. Maharaja Ranjit Singh introduced the tradition of kite flying on Basant over two hundred years ago, which became popular in the Punjab region.[28] Kite festivals are held in cities such as Firozpur,[8] where children generally fly kites to mark the auspicious occasion. This has led to the festival being called the Festival of Kites or the Kite Festival.[8]Children buy Dor (Thread) and Guddi or "Patang" (Kites) in huge quantities to fly overhead. This attracts tourism from around the world.
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