Astronomy - Saturn's moon could be young

Saturn's moon could be young:

Planetary scientists increasingly think that some of the ringed giant’s moons are only 100 million years old.

This composite shows several of Saturn's moons lined up in order of their orbital distance from the planet. The mid-size moons, including Mimas and Dione, may have formed a mere 100 million years ago.
NASA / JPL

Saturn is the belle of our planetary ball. It waltzes through space in an elegant hoopskirt that glistens with ice crystals, surrounded by an entourage of 62 moons. Its lone gallant is Titan, whose thick hydrocarbon shroud makes it the only satellite in the solar system with a sizable atmosphere.

Alongside hazy Titan is an assortment of icy, mid-size moons, their sizes ranging from Mimas’s 400 km (250 miles) to Rhea’s 1,525 km (948 miles). Together, they have a mere twentieth as much mass as Titan does. Interspersed with these are a vast collection of moonlets, with sizes of a few tens to a couple hundred kilometers. Some of these are likely born from pileups of ring material.

In terms of numbers, Saturn’s retinue matches that of the king of the planets, Jupiter, whose current satellite tally also happens to be 62. But Jupiter boasts a more glamorous court, with its four Galilean moons (some of the largest moons in the solar system), two of which are comparable in size to Mercury. Titan’s elongated orbit and loner status set it apart from this stately satellite quartet. And Jupiter doesn’t have any mid-size moons.

Planetary scientists have long wondered why Jupiter has come out so much the winner when it comes to big moons. In 2013, for example, Erik Asphaug (Arizona State University) and Andreas Reufer (then at University of Bern, Switzerland) suggested that Saturn started with a Galilean system of its own, but the moons crashed into and obliterated one another. The rubble then coalesced into Titan and the mid-size moons.

This image from the Cassini spacecraft shows four of Saturn's moons and the outskirts of the planet's rings. Saturn's largest moon, Titan (3,200 miles, or 5,150 kilometers, across), is in the background. In front of it and above the rings at center is Dione (698 miles/1,123 kilometers across), one of the mid-size moons. The small moon Pandora (50 miles/81 kilometers) orbits beyond the rings on the right of the image. Finally, Pan (17 miles/28 kilometers) peeks out as a spot in the Encke Gap of the A ring on the left of the image.
NASA / JPL-Caltech / Space Science Institute

A new paper explores this collision idea further. Matija Ćuk (SETI Institute) and his colleagues turned back time by studying the icy moons’ motions and figuring out when and how they could have interacted, given their current orbits. Some moons move in what are called orbital resonances, which means the time it takes Moon A to complete an orbit around Saturn is a simple fraction (say, one half) of the time it takes Moon B to do so. Resonant moons strongly affect each other’s orbits, easily tilting them out of the original plane in which they lay.

Saturn also has an off-putting effect on its satellites, pushing them farther away with time. This tidal push is strong because the planet isn’t solid. It affects each of the various moons in different ways, changing each of their orbits with time and making and breaking resonances.

What the team found was that, given the moons’ current (and backtracked) orbits, the moons can’t have migrated much from where they first formed. But that doesn’t make sense if they’ve been orbiting the planet from the solar system’s early days: Saturn’s tides are just too tenacious — the moon Enceladus and its tidal-triggered geysers confirm that.

Instead, the team argues, the mid-size moons can only be about 100 million years old — or, as the SETI Institute’s press release puts it, “younger than the dinosaurs.” (Dinosaurs first appeared in the Triassic period, 230 million years ago.) The moons formed from a ring of debris, born from the collisions of a previous population of moons, the team suggests in the April 1stAstrophysical Journal.

That’s consistent with his Galilean squabble theory, Asphaug says. Unlike Asphaug and Reufer, Ćuk’s team doesn’t argue in favor of Titan being a merger-born moon, but that suggestion “definitely ranks as hypothetical,” Asphaug readily admits.

Ćuk’s team offers a test: craters. If the mid-size moons are indeed young, they won’t have had time to build up a perfectly homogenous peppering of pockmarks from space. Instead, craters on moons within Titan’s orbit (all the mid-size moons but Iapetus) would concentrate around those satellites’ equators, because the moons would have been exposed to a lot of debris in the plane of their birth ring but not nearly as much from other angles. Many of the moons are heavily scarred, so it’ll take dedicated work to tease out whether the moons have these girdles.