Somnath
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| Somnath Temple સોમનાથ મંદિર | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Coordinates: | 20°53′16.9″N 70°24′5.0″ECoordinates: 20°53′16.9″N 70°24′5.0″E |
| Name | |
| Proper name: | Somnath Mandir |
| Devanagari: | सोमनाथ मन्दिर |
| Location | |
| Country: | India |
| State: | Gujarat |
| District: | Gir Somnath |
| Locale: | Veraval |
| Architecture and culture | |
| Primary deity: | Somnath <marquee></marquee/.(Shiva) |
| Important festivals: | Maha Shivaratri |
| Architectural styles: | Mandir |
| History | |
| Date built: (Current structure) | 1951 (present structure) |
| Creator: | Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (present structure) |
| Temple board: | Shree Somnath Trust of Gujarat |
| Website: | somnath.org |
The Somnath Temple (Gujarati: સોમનાથ મંદિર Sanskrit: सोमनाथ मन्दिर) located in the Prabhas Kshetra near Veraval inSaurashtra, on the western coast of Gujarat, India, is one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines of the god Shiva. Somnath means "The Protector of (the) Moon god". The Somnath Temple is known as "the Shrine Eternal", having been destroyed many times by Islamic kings and rulers.[1] Most recently it was rebuilt in November 1947, when Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel visited the area for the integration of Junagadh and mooted a plan for restoration. After Patel's death, the rebuilding continued under K. M. Munshi, another minister of the Government of India.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]History[edit]
Legend[edit]
As per Shiv Mahapuran, once Brahma (the Hindu God of creation) and Vishnu (the Hindu God of protection) had an argument in terms of supremacy of creation.[4] To test them, Shiva pierced the three worlds as a huge endless pillar of light, thejyotirlinga. Vishnu and Brahma split their ways to downwards and upwards respectively to find the end of the light in either directions. Brahma lied that he found out the end, while Vishnu conceded his defeat. Shiva appeared as a second pillar of light and cursed Brahma that he would have no place in ceremonies while Vishnu would be worshipped till the end of eternity. The jyotirlinga is the supreme partless reality, out of which Shiva partly appears. The jyothirlinga shrines, thus are places where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light.[5][6] Originally there were believed to be 64 jyothirlingas while 12 of them are considered to be very auspicious and holy.[4] Each of the twelve jyothirlinga sites take the name of the presiding deity - each considered different manifestation of Shiva.[7] At all these sites, the primary image is lingam representing the beginningless and endless Stambha pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva] .[7][8][9] The twelve jyothirlinga are Somnath in Gujarat,Mallikarjuna at Srisailam in Andra Pradesh, Mahakaleswar at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh,Kedarnath in Himalayas, Bhimashankar in Maharastra, Viswanath at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, Triambakeshwar in Maharastra, Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga, Deogarh in Deoghar, Jharkhand, Nageswar at Dwarka in Gujarat, Rameshwar atRameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Grishneshwar at Aurangabad in Maharastra.[4][10]
Timeline[edit]
The second temple, built by the Yadava kings of Vallabhi in Gujarat, replaced the first one on the same site around 649 CE.[11]
In 725 CE Junayad, the Arab governor of Sind, sent his armies to destroy the second temple.[11] The Gurjara Pratihara kingNagabhata II constructed the third temple in 815, a large structure of red sandstone.
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In 1024, the temple was destroyed by the Muslim prominent ruler, Mahmud of Ghazni,[12][13] who raided the temple from across the Thar Desert. The temple was rebuilt by the Gujjar Paramara King Bhoj of Malwa and the Solanki king Bhimadev I ofAnhilwara, Gujrat (present day Patan) between 1026 and 1042. The wooden structure was replaced by Kumarpal (r.1143-72), who built the temple of stone.[14][15]
In 1296, the temple was once again destroyed by Sultan Allauddin Khilji's army,[11][12][15] and Raja Karan of Gujarat was defeated and forced to flee. According to Taj-ul-Ma'sir of Hasan Nizami, the Sultan boasted that "fifty thousand infidels were dispatched to hell by the sword" and "more than twenty thousand slaves, and cattle beyond all calculation fell into the hands of the victors,".[11] The temple was rebuilt by Mahipala Deva, theChudasama king of Saurashtra in 1308 and the Linga was installed by his son Khengar sometime between 1326 and 1351.[15]
In 1701, the temple was once again attacked by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.[11] As he was staring at the temple his crown fell off which infuriated him. Taking this as his condemnation he tried to destroy but fail to do so. And left it half ruined. Later the temple was rebuilt to its same glory adjacent to the ruined one.
Later on a joint effort of Peshwa of Pune, Raja Bhonsle of Nagpur, Chhatrapati Bhonsle of Kolhapur, Queen Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore & Shrimant Patilbuwa Shinde of Gwalior rebuilt the temple in 1783 at a site adjacent to the ruined temple.
Reconstruction of the Somnath Temple[edit]
Before independence, Prabhas Pattan was part of the princely state of Junagadh, whose ruler had acceded to Pakistan in 1947. After India refused to accept his decision, the state was made a part of India, and the Deputy Prime Minister of India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel came to Junagadh on November 12, 1947 to direct the stabilization of the state by the Indian Army and at the same time ordered the reconstruction of the Somanath temple.[16]
When Sardar Patel, K. M. Munshi and other leaders of the Congress went to Gandhi with the proposal of reconstructing the Somnath temple, Gandhi blessed the move,but suggested that the funds for the construction should be collected from the public and the temple should not be funded by the state. He expressed that he was proud to associate himself to the project of renovation of the temple[17] But soon both Gandhi and Sardar Patel died and the task of reconstruction of the temple continued under K. M. Munshi, who was the Minister for Food and Civil Supplies in the Nehru Government.[17]
The ruins were pulled down in October 1950 and the mosque present at that site was shifted few miles away.[18] of In May 1951, Rajendra Prasad, the first President of the Republic of India, invited by K M Munshi, performed the installation ceremony for the temple.[19] Rajendra Prasad said in his address "It is my view that the reconstruction of the Somnath Temple will be complete on that day when not only a magnificent edifice will arise on this foundation, but the mansion of India's prosperity will be really that prosperity of which the ancient temple of Somnath was a symbol.".[20] He added "The Somnath temple signifies that the power of reconstruction is always greater than the power of destruction"[20]
This episode created a serious rift between the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who saw the movement for reconstruction of the temple as an attempt at Hindu revivalism and the President Rajendra Prasad and Union Minister K. M. Munshi, who saw in its reconstruction, the fruits of freedom and the reversal of past injustice done to Hindus.[20]
The present temple, which was built by Patel and Munshi, is managed by Shree Somnath Trust.[21]
Architecture[edit]
The present temple is built in the Chalukya style of temple architecture or Kailash Mahameru Prasad Style[22] and reflects the skill of theSompura Salats, one of Gujarat's master masons. The temple's shikhara, or main spire, is 150 feet in height, and it has a 27 foot tall flag pole at the top.[22]
The temple is situated at such a place that there is no land in straight-line between Somnath seashore till Antarctica, such an inscription inSanskrit is found on the Arrow-Pillar called Baan-Stambh erected on the sea-protection wall at the Somnath Temple. This Baan-Stambhmentions that it stands at a point on the Indian landmass, which happens to be the first point on land in the north to the south-pole on that particular longitude.[23]
'Proclamation of the Gates' Incident[edit]
In 1782-83 AD, Maratha king, Mahadaji Shinde (Ruler of North India: Ujjain/ Gwalior/ Mathura) victoriously brought the Three Silver Gates from Lahore, after defeating Muhammad Shah of Lahore. After refusal from Pundits of Guzrath and the then ruler Gaekwad to put them back on Somnath temple, these silver gates were placed in temples of Ujjain. Today they can be seen in Two Temples of India Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga Mandir & Gopal Mandir of Ujjain.[24]
In 1842, Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough issued his famous 'Proclamation of the Gates' in which he ordered the British army in Afghanistan to return via Ghazni and bring back to India the sandalwood gates from the tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni in Ghazni, Afghanistan. These were believed to have been taken by Mahmud from Somnath. There was a debate in the House of Commons in London in 1843 on the question of the gates of the Somanatha temple.[25] After much cross-fire between the British Government and the opposition, the gates were uprooted and brought back in triumph. But on arrival, they were found to be replicas of the original.[24] So they were placed in a store-room in the Agra Fort where they still lie to the present day.
In the 19th Century novel, The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins, the diamond of the title is presumed to have been stolen from the temple at Somnath and, according to the historian Romila Thapar, reflects the interest aroused in Britain by the gates.[26]
Gallery[edit]
- Somnath 1869.jpg
- The celebrated temple of Somnath.jpg
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