Kudremukh
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| Kudremukh | |
|---|---|
Kudremukha - The Horse Face
| |
| Elevation | 1,894 m (6,214 ft) |
| Translation | ಕುದುರೆಮುಖ (Kannada) |
| Location | |
 
Kudremukh
| |
| Location | Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka, India |
| Range | Western Ghats |
| Coordinates | 13°07′46.24″N 75°16′06.79″ECoordinates: 13°07′46.24″N 75°16′06.79″E |
Kudremukh (Kannada: ಕುದುರೆಮುಖ) also spelled Kuduremukha is a mountain range and name of a peak located in Chikkamagaluru district, in Karnataka, India. It is also the name of a small hill station cum mining town situated near the mountain, about 48 kilometres from Karkala and about 20 kilometres from Kalasa. The name Kuduremukha literally means 'horse-face' (in the local language Kannada) and refers to a particular picturesque view of a side of the mountain that resembles a horse's face. It was also referred to as 'Samseparvata', historically since it was approached from Samse village. The nearest airport is Mangalore International Airport at Mangalore which is at distance of 130 Kilometres.[1]
Contents
[hide]Location[edit]
The Kudremukh National Park (latitude 13°01'00" to 13°29'17" N, longitude 75°00'55' to 75°25'00" E) is the second largest declared Wildlife Protected Area (600.32 km²) of a tropical wet evergreen type of forest in the Western Ghats. Kudremukh National Park is located in Dakshina Kannada and Chikkamagaluru districts of Karnataka state. The Western Ghats is one of the thirty four hotspots identified for bio-diversity conservation in the world. Kudremukh National Park comes under the Global Tiger Conservation Priority-I, under the format developed jointly by Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and World Wide Fund-USA.
Geography[edit]
The southern and western sides of the park form the steep slope of the Western Ghats ridge line, with the altitude varying from 100 m - 1892 m (peak). The northern, central and the eastern portions of the park form a chain of rolling hills with a mosaic of natural grassland and shola forests. Kudremukh receives an average annual rainfall of 7000 mm, which has evolved forest types of mainly evergreen vegetation.
History[edit]
The British Government declared Kudremukh region as a Reserved Forest in 1916, to stop rampant slash and burn cultivation practices from penetrating deeper into the Ghats.[citation needed]
National park[edit]
Well known environmentalist and Tiger expert Dr. Ullas Karanth, undertook a detailed and systematic survey of the distribution of the endangered Lion Tailed Macaque in Karnataka during 1983-84 with support from Government of Karnataka. He observed that suitable and extensive rainforest habitat for the Lion-tailed Macaque existed in Kudremukh and that the tract probably harboured the largest contiguous population of lion tailed macaques in the Western Ghats, outside the Malabar region. He further suggested that Lion Tailed Macaques could be effectively used as a 'flagship' species to conserve the entire biotic community in the region and prepared a conservation plan for the survival of wild populations of Lion Tailed Macaques in the region delineating the present national park area as a proposed nature reserve. Based on his report, the Karnataka State Wildlife Advisory Board suggested to the Government that Kudremukh National Park be created. Subsequently, In 1987, the Government of Karnataka declared these Reserved Forests as a National Park based on the above suggestion.[citation needed]
Kudremukh National Park is spread partly over the thick hilly forests near the coastal plains on the western portion and the shola vegetation on the Western Ghats uplands, covering parts of three districts, viz., Chickmagalur, Udupi and Dakshina Kannada. The Kudremukh peak, by which the national park derives its name, is the highest spot at 1892 meters.[citation needed] The hills, which bear the brunt of the severe monsoon winds, preclude any tree growth. As a result, the landscape is covered with grass. The valleys which are tucked in, have reasonable protection from wind and a deep soil profile, as a result of which stunted evergreen forests exist creating a unique microclimate, rich with mosses, orchids, etc. The whole scenery of grassland interspersed with narrow strips of forests provide a fantastic vista.
Three important rivers, the Tunga, the Bhadra and the Nethravathi are said to have their origin here. A shrine of goddess Bhagavathi and a Varaha image, 1.8 m within a cave are the main attractions. The Tunga river and Bhadra river flow freely through the parklands. Kadambi waterfalls area definite point of interest for anyone who travels to the spot. The animals found there include the malabar civet,wild dogs, sloth bear and spotted deer.
Opposition to National Park[edit]
People residing inside the National park did not welcome the idea of National park, as it involves eviction and Kudremukh Rashtriya Udyana Virodhi Okoota, an NGO, fights on behalf of people residing inside the forest and opposes the formation of National Park. [2] To curb the supposed naxalite activity inside the National park, police opened fire on activists and killed five suspected naxalites on 10 July 2007.[2]
Conservation[edit]
The Kudremukh range was declared a Tiger Reserve, as part of the Bhadra Tiger Sanctuary, by the Union Environmental Minister, Government of India.[citation needed]
Ecology[edit]
A diverse assemblage of endangered large mammals is found in the park supporting three large mammal predator species Tiger, Leopard and Wild Dogs. The important Tiger prey base found within the Park is Gaur, Sambar, Wild Pig, Muntjac, Chevrotain, Bonnet Macaque, CommonLangur and the Lion Tailed Macaque.
The wet climate and the tremendous water retentive capacity of the shola grasslands and forests have led to the formation of thousands of perennial streams in the region converging to form three major rivers of the region, Tunga, Bhadra and Nethravathi which form an important lifeline for the people of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Lobo's house is an old abandoned farm on the upper reaches of Kuduremukha.
Mining town[edit]
Kudremukh township developed primarily as an iron ore mining town where the government run public sector company Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL) operated for 30 years and closed its mining activities in 2006 due to environmental issues, as per court orders.[3] The company proposed for eco-tourism in the area and insisted for renewal of leased land for 99 years.[3] But, environmentalists oppose such idea, reasoning that the area should be given complete rest so that the destroyed forest is regenerated and mining lease given to the company lapsed on 24 July 1999.[4]
Demographics[edit]
As of 2001 India census,[5] Kudremukh town had a population of 8095. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Kudremukh has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 77%. In Kudremukh, 11% of the population is under six years of age.
Stay at Kudremukh[edit]
The government provides shelter facilities including tents and cottages. It is advisable to reserve well in advance before visiting . Now there are some places in between Kudremukh and Samse people have opened home stay.
Trekking in Kudremukh[edit]
Trekking to the Kudremukh peak is from 6:00 am to 5:00 pm after which you will be not allowed as per forest rules. The Lakya Dam is drained most of the time and is not of much interest for visiting. Hanuman Gundi Waterfalls is a good place to visit but you will be allowed only from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. Please note If you are found wandering in the forest near the peak in the late hours without a guide or a local accompanying, the forest officers have authority to detain you.
The locals of Kudremukh can be approached for any help and they are also very hospitable. Littering is prohibited everywhere in the Kudremukh area and in the mountains. If found littering while trekking you could be penalized. There are about 13 trekking routes in Kudremukh ranging from easy to tough. The well-known ones are:
- Samse - Kudremukh - Samse. The duration fro this trek is around 4 days and 3 nights, covering a total distance of about 40 plus km.
- Navoor - Hevala - Kudremukh - Navoor. The duration fro this trek is around 5 days and 4 nights, covering a total distance of about 60 plus km.
- Navoor - Kudremukh - Samse. The duration fro this trek is around 5 days and 4 nights, covering a total distance of about 50 plus km.
- Horanaadu - Sringeri. The duration fro this trek is around 3 days and 2 nights, covering a total distance of about 30 plus km.
- Nature Camp in Kudremukh is one of the beautiful places to stay.
Hanumana Gundi Waterfalls[edit]
Located 32 km (20 mi) from Kalasa, the waterfall has water falling onto natural rock formations from a height of more than 100 feet (30 m). Getting to falls involves some trekking. The best time to visit this place is between October and May.
Threats[edit]
Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited (KIOCL) is a government run company which was mining iron ore from the Kudremukh hills. KIOCL conducted its operations on an area of 4,604.55 ha for over 20 years. Opposition to its activities built up over the years from environmentalists and wildlife conservationists who are concerned about the threat to the region's flora and fauna, and farmers who are affected by the pollution of the streams that originate in the mining area. KIOCL has been banned from operating in this beautiful Natural Reserve, according to Supreme court order.
The rainfall in Kuduremukh, which is one of the highest for any open cast mining operation in the world,[citation needed] greatly accentuates the impacts of siltation as claimed by environmentalists. The topographic and rainfall characteristics in combination with the open cast mining of low grade iron ore and other land-surface disturbances caused by the KIOCL operations resulted in very high sediment discharge, with over 60% of the total siltation in the Bhadra system being contributed by the mining area which forms less than six per cent of the catchment. With high quality practices adopted by KIOCL to mine, the flora and fauna remained intact, causing no adverse effects on the nature.
KIOCL used to send iron ore through pipes running through districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada and converted to pellets at their plant in Panambur.These pellets were exported to countries like China, Iran, Japan, etc. by ships.[citation needed]
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